Products
Panasonic SMT Chip Mounter NPM-W2
Features
Kubudirira kwepamusoro uye kunaka nekudhinda, kuiswa uye kuongorora maitiro ekubatanidzaZvichienderana nePCB yaunogadzira, unogona kusarudza High-speed mode kana High-accuracy mode.
Kumapuranga makuru uye zvikamu zvakakuraMaPCB anosvika 750 x 550 mm ane chikamu chinosvika paL150 x W25 x T30 mm
Kubudirira kwenzvimbo yepamusoro kuburikidza nekuisa nzira mbiriZvichienderana nePCB yaunoburitsa, unogona kusarudza yakaringana yekuisa modhi - "Yakazvimirira" "Alternate" kana "Hybrid"
Kuzadzikiswa panguva imwe chete yekugadzirwa kwenzvimbo yakakwirira uye kuiswa kwepamusoro-kwepamusoro
Yakakwira yekugadzira modhi (Yakakwira yekugadzira maitiro: ON)
Max.kumhanya: 77 000 cph *1 (IPC9850(1608):59 200cph *1 ) / Kuiswa kwechokwadi: ±40 μm
Yakanyanya kurongeka modhi (Yakakwira yekugadzira maitiro: OFF)
Max.kumhanya: 70 000 cph * 1 / Kuiswa kwechokwadi: ± 30 μm (Sarudzo: ± 25μm *2)
* 1: Tact ye16NH × 2 musoro * 2: Pasi pemamiriro anotsanangurwa nePSFS
Musoro wekuisa mutsva
 | Yakareruka 16-nozzle musoro |
New high-rigidity base
· Yakanyanya kuomarara base inotsigira yakakwirira-kumhanya / kurongeka kuiswa
Multi-kuzivikanwa kamera
· Matatu ekuzivikanwa mabasa akasanganiswa kuita imwe kamera
· Inokurumidza kuzivikanwa scan inosanganisira kureba kwezvikamu
· Inokwidziridzwa kubva ku2D kusvika ku3D yakatarwa
Machine Configuration
Rear & Front Feeder Layout
 | 60 zvikamu zvakasiyana zvinogona kuiswa kubva ku16mm tepi feeders. |
Single Tray Layout
13 fixed feeder slots iripo.PoP tray mounting inogoneka kuburikidza nekutamisa unit.
Twin Tray Layout
Nepo imwe tireyi ichishandiswa kugadzira, imwe tireyi inogona kushandiswa panguva imwe chete kuseta inotevera kugadzirwa pachine nguva.
Multi-functionality
Bhodhi Guru
Nzira imwe chete-yenzira (Sarudzo yakatarwa.)
Huru Bhodhi inosvika 750 x 550 mm inogona kubatwa
Dual-lane zvirevo (Sarudzo yakatarwa.)
Mabhodhi makuru (750 x 260 mm) anogona kubatwa pamwe chete. Mabhodhi (kusvika pakukura kwe750 x 510 mm) anogona kubatwa pamwe chete panguva yekuendesa kumwe chete.
Zvikamu Zvikuru
Inoenderana nesaizi yechikamu kusvika ku150 x 25 mm
Kuiswa kwe LED
Kupenya Binning
Dzivisa kusanganiswa kwekupenya uye kuderedza chikamu uye block disposal. Mamonitor asara echikamu kuverenga kudzivirira kubuda kwechikamu panguva yekushanda.
* Ndokumbira utibvunze ma nozzles anotsigira ma LED zvikamu zvemhando dzakasiyana
Mamwe mabasa
· Global bad mark recognition basa Inoderedza mukufamba/kuzivikanwa nguva yekuziva makomba akaipa
+ PCB inomira pakati pemakina (ine yekuwedzera conveyor yakasungirirwa) Inoderedza iyo PCB (750 mm) shanduko yenguva.
Kubudirira kwepamusoro - Inoshandisa nzira mbiri yekuisa
Alternate, Yakazvimirira & Hybrid Kuiswa
Inosarudzwa "Alternate" uye "Yakazvimirira" mbiri yekuisa nzira inobvumidza iwe kushandisa zvakanaka mukana wega wega.
Alternate: Misoro yekumberi uye yekumashure inoisa paPCBs kumberi nekumashure nzira.
Kuzvimiririra: Musoro wepamberi unoisa paPCB pamberi penzira uye kumashure musoro unoisa kuiswa kune yekumashure.
Kuchinja kwakazvimirira
Mune yakazvimiririra modhi, unogona kuitisa shanduko pane imwe nzira uku kugadzirwa kuchienderera kune imwe nzira.Unogona kuchinjanisa ngoro yekudyisa panguva yekugadzira zvakare neIyo Independent shanduko yekuchinja (sarudzo).Inotsigira otomatiki tsigiro pini kutsiva (sarudzo) uye otomatiki shanduko (sarudzo) kuitira kuti inopa yakanakisa shanduko yemhando yako yekugadzira.
PCB kuchinjana nguva kuderedza
MaPCB maviri anogona kuvharirwa pachinhanho chimwe (PCB kureba: 350 mm kana kushoma). Uye Kubudirira kwepamusoro kunogona kuonekwa nekuderedza nguva yekutsinhana kwePCB.
Kutsiva otomatiki kwepini dzekutsigira (sarudzo)
Otomatiki shanduko yenzvimbo yemapini ekutsigira kugonesa kusamira shanduko uye kubatsira kuchengetedza man-simba uye mashandiro zvikanganiso.
Kuvandudzwa kwehutano
Placement kureba kudzora basa
Zvichienderana nePCB warpage mamiriro data uye ukobvu data yechimwe nechimwe chezvikamu zvichaiswa, kutonga kwekuiswa kureba kunogadziridzwa kuvandudza kunaka kwekukwira.
Operating rate kunatsiridza
Feeder nzvimbo yemahara
Mukati metafura imwe chete, mafeeders anogona kusetwa chero kupi.Alternate allocation pamwe nekuseta mafeeder matsva ekugadzirwa kunotevera anogona kuitwa muchina uchiri kushanda.
Vanodyisa vanozoda off-line data kupinza nerutsigiro chiteshi (sarudzo).
Solder Inspection (SPI) ・ Chikamu Chekuongorora (AOI) - Kuongorora musoro
Solder Inspection
· Solder chitarisiko chekuongorora
Mounted component Inspection
· Kutariswa kwekuonekwa kwezvinhu zvakasungirirwa
Pre-kukwira kunze kwechinhu * 1 kuongorora
· Pre-mounting yekunze chinhu kuongorora BGAs
· Kuongororwa kwechinhu chekunze pamberi pekuiswa chisimbiso
* 1: Chinhu chekunze chinowanikwa kune chip zvikamu.
SPI neAOI automatic switching
· Solder uye chikamu chekuongorora chinoshandurwa otomatiki zvichienderana nedata rekugadzira.
Kubatanidzwa kwekuongorora uye kuisa data
· Raibhurari inochengetedzwa nepakati kana kuronga data haidi kuchengetwa kwedata maviri ega ega maitiro.
Otomatiki chinongedzo kune ruzivo rwemhando
· Yakabatanidzwa otomatiki ruzivo rwemhando yega yega inobatsira yako kukanganisa chikonzero chekuongorora.
Adhesive Dispensing - Kuburitsa musoro
Screw-type discharge mechanism
· Panasonic's NPM ine yakajairwa HDF yekuburitsa michina, inova nechokwadi chekupa kwemhando yepamusoro.
Inotsigira akasiyana dot / dhizaini yekuparadzira mapatani
* Yakanyanya kurongeka sensor (sarudzo) inoyera yenzvimbo PCB kureba kuti ienzanise kureba kwekuparadzira, iyo inobvumira kusabata-bata kugovera paPCB.
Self-Alignment Adhesive
Yedu ADE 400D series ndeyepamusoro-tembiricha yekurapa SMD adhesive ine yakanaka component self-alignment effect.Iyi yakanamatira inokodzerawo kushandiswa mumitsara yeSMT kugadzirisa zvikamu zvakakura.
Mushure mekunge solder yanyunguduka, kuzvigadzirisa uye kunyura kwechikamu kunoitika.
Kuiswa kwemhando yepamusoro - APC system
Inodzora mutsauko muPCB uye zvikamu, nezvimwewo pamutsara wekuti uwane kugadzirwa kwemhando.
APC-FB*1 Mhinduro kumuchina wekudhinda
· Kubva pane yakaongororwa kuyerwa data kubva pakuongorora solder, inogadzirisa nzvimbo dzekudhinda.(X,Y,θ)
APC-FF*1 Feedforward kumuchina wekuisa
· Inoongorora dhata yekuyera chinzvimbo chemutengesi, uye inogadzirisa nzvimbo dzekuisa (X, Y, θ) zvinoenderana.Chip components (0402C/R ~)Package component (QFP, BGA, CSP)
APC-MFB2 Feedforward kuAOI/Feedback kumuchina wekuisa
· Chinzvimbo chekuongorora pane APC offset chinzvimbo
· Sitimu inoongorora data yeAOI chikamu chenzvimbo yekuyera, inogadzirisa nzvimbo yekuisa (X, Y, θ) , uye nekudaro inochengetedza kurongeka kwechokwadi.Inoenderana ne chip components, yakaderera electrode components uye lead components*2
*1 : APC-FB (feedback) /FF (feedforward): 3D yekuongorora muchina weimwe kambani inogonawo kubatana.(Ndokumbira ubvunze mumiririri wenzvimbo yako kuti uwane ruzivo.)*2 : APC-MFB2 (mounter feedback2) : Mhando dzezvikamu zvinoshanda zvinosiyana kubva kune mumwe mutengesi weAOI kune mumwe.(Ndokumbira ubvunze mumiriri wenzvimbo yako wekutengesa kuti uwane ruzivo.)
Component Verification sarudzo - Off-line setup yekutsigira chiteshi
Inodzivirira zvikanganiso zvekuseta panguva yekuchinja Inopa kuwedzera kwekuita kwekugadzira kuburikidza nekushanda kuri nyore
* Wireless scanners uye zvimwe zvishongedzo zvinopihwa nemutengi
· Inodzivirira nekusaziva kwechikamu Inodzivirira kukanganiswa nekuona dhata rekugadzira neruzivo rwebhakodhi yezvekuchinja zvinhu.
· Otomatiki kuseta data synching basaMuchina wacho pachawo unoita ongororo, uchibvisa kudiwa kwekusarudza yakaparadzana kuseta data.
· Interlock basaChero matambudziko kana kupera mukusimbisa kunomisa muchina.
· Navigation functionA navigation function kuita kuti maitirwo ekuongorora ave nyore kunzwisisa.
Nezviteshi zvekutsigira, offline feeder ngoro setup inogoneka kunyangwe kunze kwepasi rekugadzira.
• Mhando mbiri dzeSupport Stations dziripo.
Shanduko kugona - Otomatiki shanduko sarudzo
Kutsigira shanduko (yekugadzira data uye njanji hupamhi gadziriso) inogona kuderedza nguva kurasikirwa
• PCB ID kuverenga-mu typePCB ID kuverenga-in basa rinosarudzwa kubva pakati pemhando 3 dzekunze scanner, musoro kamera kana kuronga fomu.
Shanduko kugona - Feeder setup navigator sarudzo
Icho chishandiso chekutsigira kufamba nenzira inoshanda yekuseta.Zvishandiso zvezvishandiso muhuwandu hwenguva inotora kuita uye kupedzisa kuseta mashandiro kana uchifungidzira nguva inodiwa pakugadzira uye kupa mutyairi nemirayiridzo yekugadzika.Izvi zvichaona uye kugadzirisa mashandiro ekugadzirisa panguva yekugadzira mutsara wekugadzira.
Operating rate kunatsiridza - Zvikamu zvinopa navigator sarudzo
Chishandiso chekutsigira chekushandisa chinofambisira zvakanaka chikamu chekupa zvakakosha.Inotarisa nguva yasara kusvika chikamu chapera uye chinoshanda nzira yekufambisa yekufambisa kutumira chikamu chekugovera mirairo kune wega wega.Izvi zvinobudirira zvakanyanya kushanda kwechikamu chinopihwa.
*PanaCIM inodiwa kuve nevashandisi vanotungamira kupa zvikamu kune akawanda mitsara yekugadzira.
PCB ruzivo rwekutaurirana basa
Ruzivo rwekucherechedzwa kwemaki pamuchina wekutanga weNPM mumutsara unopfuudzwa kumichina yeNPM yakadzika. Zvinogona kuderedza nguva yekutenderera uchishandisa ruzivo rwakatamiswa.
Data Creation System - NPM-DGS (Modhi No.NM-EJS9A)
Iyo software package inobatsira kuwana chibereko chepamusoro kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa manejimendi ekugadzira, kugadzirisa uye kutevedzera yekugadzira data uye raibhurari.
*1:Kombiyuta inofanira kutengwa yakaparadzana.*2:NPM-DGS ine mabasa maviri ekutarisira epasi uye mutsetse nhanho.
Multi-CAD import
Anenge ese data reCAD anogona kudzoserwa neiyo macro tsanangudzo kunyoresa.Zvivakwa, senge polarity, zvakare zvinogona kusimbiswa pachiratidziro pachine nguva.
Simulation
Tact simulation inogona kusimbiswa pachiratidziro pachine nguva kuitira kuti mutsara wakazara wekushanda reshiyo uwedzere.
PPD mupepeti
Nekukurumidza uye nyore kuunganidza kuiswa uye kuongorora musoro data paPC kuratidza panguva yekushanda, kurasikirwa kwenguva kunogona kuderedzwa.
Chikamu raibhurari
Raibhurari yechikamu chemichina yese yekuisa inosanganisira iyo CM yakatevedzana pasi inogona kunyoreswa kubatanidza data management.
Sanganisa Job Setter (MJS)
Kugadziridzwa kwedata rekugadzira kunobvumira iyo NPM-D2 kuti iwanze kuronga feeders.Feeder kutsiva nguva kuderedzwa kwekuchinja kunogona kuvandudza goho.
Off-line chikamu data kugadzirasarudzo
Nekugadzira off-line chikamu data uchishandisa chitoro-yakatengwa scanner, kugadzirwa uye mhando inogona kuvandudzwa.
Data Creation System - Offline Kamera Unit (sarudzo)
Inoderedza nguva pamushini wezvikamu zve library library uye inobatsira kuwanikwa kwemidziyo uye mhando.
Chikamu cheraibhurari data inogadzirwa uchishandisa mutsara kameraMamiriro asingagoneke pane scanner senge Illumination mamiriro, uye kumhanya kwekuzivikanwa, inogona kutariswa kunze kwenyika ichivimbisa kukwidziridzwa kwemhando uye kuwanikwa kwemidziyo.
Kuvandudzwa kwemhando - Hunhu ruzivo rwekuona
Iyi isoftware yakagadzirirwa kutsigira kubata kwekuchinja mapoinzi uye kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvakakanganisika kuburikidza nekuratidzwa kwemhando-inoenderana neruzivo (semuenzaniso, nzvimbo dzekudyisa dzinoshandiswa, kucherechedzwa offset kukosha uye zvikamu data) paPCB kana nzvimbo yekuisa.Muchiitiko chemusoro wedu wekuongorora wakaunzwa, nzvimbo dzakaremara dzinogona kuratidzwa mukubatana neruzivo rwemhando
*PC inodiwa pamutsara wega wega.
Hwindo rekuona ruzivo rwemhando yepamusoro
Muenzaniso wekushandiswa kwemhando yekuona ruzivo
Inotaridza feeder inoshandiswa kumisikidza akaremara mabhodhi edunhu.Uye kana, semuenzaniso, iwe uine misalignments yakawanda mushure mekubatanidza, izvo zvinokanganisa zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti zvakakonzerwa;
1.splicing kukanganisa (pitch deviation inoratidzwa nekuzivikanwa offset values)
2.kuchinja muchikamu chechimiro (zvisizvo reel mijenya kana vatengesi)
Saka iwe unogona kutora chiito nekukurumidza kune kururamisa kusarongeka.
Tsanangudzo
| Model ID | NPM-W2 | |||||
| Musoro weshure Musoro wepamberi | Lightweight16-nozzle musoro | 12-nozzle musoro | Lightweight8-nozzle musoro | 3-nozzle musoro V2 | Kuburitsa musoro | Hapana musoro |
| Yakareruka 16-nozzle musoro | NM-EJM7D | NM-EJM7D-MD | NM-EJM7D | |||
| 12-nozzle musoro | NM-EJM7D-MD | |||||
| Yakareruka 8-nozzle musoro | ||||||
| 3-nozzle musoro V2 | ||||||
| Kuburitsa musoro | NM-EJM7D-MD | NM-EJM7D-D | ||||
| Musoro wekuongorora | NM-EJM7D-MA | NM-EJM7D-A | ||||
| Hapana musoro | NM-EJM7D | NM-EJM7D-D | ||||
| PCB zviyero(mm) | Nzira imwe chete*1 | Batch mounting | L 50 x W 50 ~ L 750 x W 550 |
| 2-positin kuisa | L 50 x W 50 ~ L 350 x W 550 | ||
| Nzira mbiri *1 | Dual transfer (Batch) | L 50 × W 50 ~ L 750 × W 260 | |
| Dual transfer (2-positin) | L 50 × W 50 ~ L 350 × W 260 | ||
| Kuchinjisa kumwe chete (Batch) | L 50 × W 50 ~ L 750 × W 510 | ||
| Kuchinjisa kamwe chete (2-positin) | L 50 × W 50 ~ L 350 × W 510 | ||
| Electric source | 3-chikamu AC 200, 220, 380, 400, 420, 480 V 2.8 kVA | ||
| Pneumatic source *2 | 0.5 MPa, 200 L/min (ANR) | ||
| Zviyero *2 (mm) | W 1 280*3 × D 2 332 *4 × H 1 444 *5 | ||
| Misa | 2 470 kg (Yemuviri mukuru chete: Izvi zvinosiyana zvichienderana nesarudzo yekugadzirisa.) | ||
| Kuisa musoro | Yakareruka 16-nozzle musoro (Pamusoro pemusoro) | 12-nozzle musoro (Pamusoro) | Yakareruka 8-nozzle musoro (Pamusoro pemusoro) | 3-nozzle musoro V2 (Pamusoro) | |||
| Kugadzirwa kwepamusoro[ON] | Kugadzirwa kwepamusoro[OFF] | Kugadzirwa kwepamusoro[ON] | Kugadzirwa kwepamusoro[OFF] | ||||
| Max.peed | 38 500cph(0.094 s/ chip) | 35 000cph(0.103 s/ chip) | 32 250cph(0.112 s/ chip) | 31 250cph(0.115 s/ chip) | 20 800cph(0.173 s/ chip) | 8 320cph(0.433 s/ chip)6 500cph(0.554 s/ QFP) | |
| Kurongeka kwechokwadi(Cpk □1) | ± 40 μm / chip | ± 30 μm / chip (±25μm / chip)*6 | ± 40 μm / chip | ± 30 μm / chip | ± 30 µm/chip± 30 µm/QFP □12mm kusvika □ □ 32mm± 50 µm/QFP □12mm Pasi | ± 30 µm/QFP | |
| Zvikamu (mm) | 0402*7 chip ~ L 6 x W 6 x T 3 | 03015*7 *8/0402*7 chip ~ L 6 x W 6 x T 3 | 0402*7 chip ~ L 12 x W 12 x T 6.5 | 0402*7 chip ~ L 32 x W 32 x T 12 | 0603 chip kuL 150 x W 25 (diagonal152) x T 30 | ||
| Chikamu chekupa | Taping | Tepi: 4/8/12/16/24/32/44/56 mm | Tepi: 4 kusvika 56 mm | ape : 4 kusvika 56 / 72 / 88 / 104 mm | |||
| Max.120 (Tepi: 4, 8 mm) | Kumberi/kumashure kwengoro yekudyisa : Max.120( Kufara kwetepi uye feeder zviri pasi pemamiriro ari kuruboshwe)Single tray speciations : Max.86( Kufara kwetepi uye feeder zviri pasi pemamiriro ari kuruboshwe)Twin tray specifications : Max. .60( Kufara kwetepi uye feeder zviri pasi pemamiriro ari kuruboshwe) | ||||||
| Stick | Madimikira engoro yekudyisa ngoro/shure :Max.30 (Chibatiso chetsvimbo chimwechete)Madimikira etirayi imwechete :Max.21 (Chidyiro chetsvimbo chimwechete)Madiro etirayi mbiri :Max.15 (Chidyiro chetsvimbo chimwechete) | ||||||
| Tray | Single tray specifications : Max.20Twin tray specifications : Max.40 | ||||||
| Kuburitsa musoro | Dot dispensing | Dhirowa kugovera |
| Dispensing speed | 0.16 s/dot (Chimiro : XY=10 mm, Z= isingasviki 4 mm kufamba, Hapana θ kutenderera | 4.25 s/chikamu (Chimiro : 30 mm x 30 mm kona yekugovera)*9 |
| Kurongeka kwenzvimbo yekunamira (Cpk □1) | ± 75 μ m/dot | ± 100 μ m / chikamu |
| Zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa | 1608 chip kuSOP, PLCC, QFP, Connector, BGA, CSP | BGA, CSP |
| Musoro wekuongorora | 2D yekuongorora musoro (A) | 2D yekuongorora musoro (B) | |
| Resolution | 18µm | 9 µm | |
| Saizi yekuona (mm) | 44.4 x 37.2 | 21.1 x 17.6 | |
| Inspection processing time | Solder Kuongorora *10 | 0.35s/ Tarisa saizi | |
| Chikamu Kuongorora *10 | 0.5s/ Tarisa saizi | ||
| Inspection chinhu | Solder Kuongorora *10 | Chip chikamu: 100 μm × 150 μm kana kupfuura (0603 kana kupfuura) Chikamu chePakeji: φ150 μm kana kupfuura | Chip chikamu: 80 μm × 120 μm kana kupfuura (0402 kana kupfuura) Chikamu chePakeji: φ120 μm kana kupfuura |
| Chikamu Kuongorora *10 | Square chip (0603 kana kupfuura), SOP, QFP (pitch ye0.4mm kana kupfuura), CSP, BGA, Aluminium electrolysis capacitor, Volume, Trimmer, Coil, Connector*11 | Square chip (0402 kana kupfuura), SOP, QFP (pitch ye0.3mm kana kupfuura), CSP, BGA,Aluminium electrolysis capacitor, Vhoriyamu, Trimmer, Coil, Connector*11 | |
| Zvinhu zvekuongorora | Solder Kuongorora *10 | Kuyerera, kusajeka, kusarongeka, chimiro chisina kujairika, bhiriji | |
| Chikamu Kuongorora *10 | Kushaikwa, kushandura, kubhururuka, polarity, kuongorora chinhu chekunze *12 | ||
| Kuongorora kwenzvimbo *13( Cpk □1) | ± 20 μm | ± 10 μm | |
| Kwete yekuongorora | Solder Kuongorora *10 | Max.30 000 pcs./machine (Nhamba yezvikamu: Max. 10 000 pcs./muchina) | |
| Chikamu Kuongorora *10 | Max.10 000 pcs./muchina | ||
| *1 | : | Tapota tibvunzei zvakasiyana kana ukaibatanidza neNPM-D3/D2/D.Haikwanise kubatana neNPM-TT uye NPM. |
| *2 | : | Chete chemuviri mukuru |
| *3 | : | 1 880 mm muhupamhi kana maconveyors ekuwedzera (300 mm) akaiswa mativi ese. |
| *4 | : | Dimension D inosanganisira tireyi yekudyisa: 2 570 mmDimension D inosanganisira yekudyisa ngoro: 2 465 mm |
| *5 | : | Kusingasanganisire monitor, chiratidzo shongwe uye sirin'i fan cover. |
| *6 | : | ± 25 μm yekuisa rutsigiro sarudzo.(Pasi pemamiriro akatsanangurwa nePSFS) |
| *7 | : | Iyo 03015/0402 chip inoda chaiyo nozzle / feeder. |
| *8 | : | Tsigiro ye03015 mm chip kuiswa ndeyekusarudza.(Pasi pemamiriro akatsanangurwa nePSFS: Kurongeka kwekuisa ± 30 μm / chip) |
| *9 | : | Iyo PCB urefu hwekuyera nguva ye0.5s inosanganisirwa. |
| *10 | : | Mumwe musoro haugone kubata solder kuongorora uye chikamu chekuongorora panguva imwe chete. |
| *11 | : | Ndokumbira utarise kabhuku kadiki kuti uwane ruzivo. |
| *12 | : | Chinhu chekunze chinowanikwa kune chip components.(Kunze 03015 mm chip) |
| *13 | : | Uku ndiko kurongeka kwenzvimbo yekuongorora yakayerwa nereferensi yedu tichishandisa girazi redu PCB yekuenzanisa ndege.Inogona kukanganiswa nekungoerekana yachinja tembiricha. |
*Kuisa nguva yehungwaru, nguva yekuongorora uye kukosha kwechokwadi kunogona kusiyana zvishoma zvichienderana nemamiriro.
*Ndokumbira utarise kune yakatsanangurwa kabhuku kuti uwane ruzivo.
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